Continuum / Ripple Interleaving
SIMULATION SETUP · R3
Architecture / N parallel stages

Decentralized local control

Common DC bus · independent local controllers · potentially heterogeneous converter parameters

Converter and MCU architecture
Identical bus measurement available at each MCU · no inter-MCU communication
Shared DC bus Vbus / Vout STAGE 01 fsw,1 · φ₁ · Vin,1 · L₁ · P₁ · … MCU₁ PWM₁ Converter₁ Vbus local Vbus feedback STAGE 02 fsw,2 · φ₂ · Vin,2 · L₂ · P₂ · … MCU₂ PWM₂ Converter₂ Vbus local Vbus feedback ··· Stages 3 … N − 1 STAGE N fsw,N · φN · Vin,N · LN · PN · … MCUN PWMN ConverterN Vbus local Vbus feedback
Local PWM command Shared Vbus sensing (independent ADCs) Common output node No controller-to-controller link
All converter values shown symbolically · no assumed identical switching frequencies, phases, or operating pointsVector diagram · editable HTML/SVG